Tokyo 2025's Seismic Shift: How Kenya's Unprecedented Dominance and Ethiopia's Collapse Expose African Athletics' Economic and Strategic Crisis

0:00 Welcome. Get ready. Because if you thought the world of athletics was predictable, Tokyo 2025 just flipped the entire script. We witnessed things that were just mind blowing history, heartbreak, total dominance, utter collapse. It demands a serious breakdown. Seismic is the right word. Absolutely seismic. The sheer diversity on the podium in Tokyo was historic. We had 53 nations 53 out of 198, winning medals 50. Three. That's the highest ever, right? By far. It tells you something huge about the global mobilization of elite sport.

0:31 Over 1/4 of the country's competing went home with medals. It's not just a few powerhouses anymore. And the records, I mean, we didn't just see records fall, we saw legendary marks get completely obliterated. Sydney McLaughlin, LeBron in the Women's 4. 100 oh phenomenal 47.78 seconds. 4778 that didn't just beat the old record, it vaporized a 40 year old mark from Jarmila Krettokvilova back in 83 just gone. And right alongside that, you had this incredible African performance, filling in Odira from Kenya in the women's 800.

1:02 Her 1.54.62 was also a championship record, taking down another mark from 1983. An upset win, too. Wasn't she kind of the underdog in that race? Definitely not the favorite. And the way she won tactical brilliance, patience, than that explosive finish, It felt like a real statement about the next generation. OK, so that's the stage. Here's what we're doing today. We're not just celebrating the medal winners. We need to go deeper, look behind the results. We're digging into the structures, the economics, the decisions, what's driving this incredible success for some African nations and frankly, the shocking collapse for others.

1:38 Tokyo is our case study. The data is fresh. Let's get into it. And the biggest story, really the most dramatic contrast, has to be between the two East African giants in distance running Kenya and Ethiopia. Right, Kenya. First, their performance was just off the charts. Second overall in the metal table. 2nd place, Yeah, 11 medals total, 7 golds, 2 silvers, 2 bronzes. But it's how they got those goals that's historic. The women's distance sweep. Tell us about that, because that's the headline grabber.

2:06 It's unprecedented, literally. It has never happened before in world championship history. The Kenyan women won gold in every single distance event from the 800 meters all the way up through the marathon. Every single 1815105K10K steeple marathon. All of them. No nation, man or woman, has ever achieved that kind of sweep. It's complete dominance. It shows incredible depth but also, you know, amazing execution across different race types. Let's name some names. Beatrice Chabet. That 5K10K double was stunning.

2:37 Absolutely magnificent, she's showing such versatility and that 5K win denying Faith Kippyegen in the last lap that took incredible composure and speed. But you still got to talk about the Queen. Faith Kippyegen, another 1500 meter world title, her 4th. Just commanding 3.52 point 1/4, that final 200 meter kick, nobody has an answer for it. She just finds another gear. It's incredible to watch and. The production line just keeps going. Faith Charotich in the steeple. Storm to victory yeah yeah and then on the roads praised up Churcher in the marathon textbook performance.

3:08 She was patient, made the decisive move late, held off ties as Sapphire from Ethiopia experience and class. For me though, that Odira win in the 800 was the highlight. You mentioned it earlier, she wasn't the favorite, got boxed in. Yeah, with maybe 30 meters to go, it looked like she might be stuck. And then she finds this tiny gap, bursts through and takes down huge names like Keely Hodgkinson. That 1.54 point 62A championship record, it just shows the depth, right? Someone may be slightly less known, steps up and delivers gold and a record.

3:38 It really does and it highlights I think a shift perhaps in Kenyan tactics, not just front run but real patience and closing speed. Plus let's not forget the men. Emmanuel Onion, you winning the men's 800 meter gold too, so 7 gold's total. It was Kenya's championship in many ways. And just to pile it on, while Tokyo was happening, Kenyans were also sweeping the Berlin Marathon. That's right, Rosemary Wanjiru won the women's race, breaking a long Ethiopian streak there, and Sebastian Saw won the men's.

4:06 It felt like a complete takeover in long distance. Which leads us directly to the flip side, Ethiopia, their historic rival. And the story there is, well, it's a disaster. Utter catastrophe is not too strong a word. For the first time in 34 years since 1991, Ethiopia failed to win a single gold medal at the World Championships. 34 years. Think about the legends that street covers giver Selassie B Kelly de Baba. It's part of their national sporting identity. And to come away with just four medals total, 2 silver, 2 bronze tie, just a SEFA got silver in the marathon, Yomov Kajal, just silver and the 10K.

4:46 But that's it. It's not just disappointing, it's a genuine crisis. And it's not like the talent disappeared overnight. So what happened? This points to bigger problems. Exactly. It exposed really deep systemic failures. You're looking at issues across governance, administration, and even basic infrastructure. Let's start with governance. What's going on there? Well, reports suggest the Ethiopian Athletics Federation and the Olympic Committee are riddled with factional politics, infighting and really opaque decision making.

5:11 It seems paralyzed. And how does that trickle down to actually hurting the athletes? Give us some specifics. There are shocking reports of administrative neglect. Take the Paris Olympics build up. Athletes were complaining about a severe lack of support, basic things, while apparently large entourages of officials, maybe political appointees, were enjoying the perks. That sounds bad. It gets worse. Miss Ganemwakuma, a race Walker, publicly stated that during his Olympic race he got no water because no official was assigned to his station.

5:44 No water in an Olympic race because of an administrative error. That's what he reported. Years of training, competing on the world stage and denied basic hydration. It's just inexcusable neglect. And that wasn't even the biggest administrative blunder for Ethiopia around Tokyo was. It no, the absolute stunner was free, whiny hilu. She's the world indoor champion, a serious medal contender in the 5000 meters, and she couldn't compete. The athletics federation simply missed the registration deadline.

6:12 They forgot to enter their world indoor champion. How does that even happen? It's incompetence on a staggering level. It completely shatters athlete trust. You can't perform if you don't even know if your own federation will manage to register you for the race. That's demoralizing beyond belief. What about coaching? You mentioned issues there. Too. Yeah, another systemic problem. The federation brought in a new policy requiring national coaches to have advanced degrees, master's degrees or the top level world Athletic certification.

6:43 OK, trying to modernize. Maybe. That was likely the intent, but the effect was disastrous. It basically sidelined a lot of veteran coaches, guys with decades of practical, hands on experience, that deep traditional knowledge. You can't just replace that experience with a certificate, can you? Especially in running, which has such a strong tradition. Exactly. Many argue quite rightly, that you lose invaluable intuition and context specific knowledge. It created huge internal friction and frankly weaken the coaching structure by pushing out wisdom.

7:14 So governance is a mess, coaching is conflicted. What about infrastructure? You mentioned that earlier. It's a stark contrast to Kenya's more established camp system. Ethiopia relies heavily on one track and add a Ababa which is overcrowded. The main stadium has been under renovation for ages. But the most shocking part is where some of their top athletes actually train. Right, it's unbelievable. You have world champions marathon legends doing their crucial workouts on public highways near Saluta and Legistafo.

7:41 Wait highways like dodging cars? Literally dodging speeding cars and trucks during high intensity sessions and long runs. Imagine trying to hit your splits while worrying about traffic. The risk, the disruption. It's just not a high performance environment. That's unthinkable for elite athletes when Kenya is professionalizing Ethiopia, stars are running obstacle courses. And that gap, that infrastructure deficit you saw it translate directly into the metal difference in Tokyo, has become unavoidable.

8:09 OK, that distance running contrast is stark, brutal even. But let's pivot completely now because Tokyo also saw a huge shift in the sprints, particularly for Africa. Yeah, and Botswana. That men's 4 by 400 meter relay final, that was pure history yeah Botswana winning gold, becoming the first African nation ever to win that world title the. Noise when they cross the line 2.57.76 It just ripped up the usual script in it. Usually it's USA, maybe Jamaica. But Botswana delivered the whole team. Lee Eppy let's all to BOGO by Appundori and Busan, Colin Kevin Shippy on the anchor leg.

8:43 They were all incredible. That anchor leg from Cabinet Shippy chasing down Rye Benjamin, the 400 hurdles world champ. That was a moment. Pure class, holding him off down the straight. It was a victory that resonated hugely back home. They declared a national holiday and importantly, they weren't the only African team shining. Right, South Africa took bronze in the same. Range exactly 2.57.83. They actually clocked the same time as the USA, who got silver, just edged out. So two African nations on the 4 by 400 podium.

9:11 That's a massive statement about the region's sprinting power. And Botswana hosting the World Relays next year. This win is perfect timing for them. Huge momentum. Huge momentum now South Africa. That bronze was their only medal in Tokyo. It ended in eight-year medal grout, which is good. Since 2017, yeah, when they won six medals, including Wade Van Acrek's gold. Right, so getting back on the podium with that relay bronze featuring Wade is positive, but only one medal for a country with South Africa's resources.

9:44 It immediately raises that efficiency question again. That's the debate, isn't it? Is one medal good enough? They had 11 athletes reach finals in Tokyo, 11 finalists. Which shows the talent is there, definitely, but converting those final appearances into metal seems to be the sticking point. That problem of turning potential into podiums, you see near misses that must be agonizing, like Joanne the Plessy and the javelin. Oh, heartbreaking. She was sitting in a metal position for most of the final throwing really well.

10:09 A big improvement on last time only to get bumped down to 4th in the very last rounds. 11 finalists, one medal. That suggests something isn't clicking in that final step. Maybe preparation, maybe execution under pressure. Sakethi Nene, fifth in the 400 meters is another example. Close, but not quite there. It points to that South African paradox we'll dig into with the economics. Resources are there, talent is there, but the conversion isn't efficient. Now Nigeria, another nation just packed with talent, especially in sprints.

10:42 But their Tokyo Story 1 silver medal feels like a story of what could have been because of administration again. Absolutely. The silver lining quite literally was Toby Amusan in the 100m hurdles 12.29 seconds. She is just relentless, a world class talent, often performing despite the system, not because of it. She even says she felt like she carried the whole country on her back. You feel that pressure. You do, and her silver was a definite improvement. Nigeria won zero medals at the previous worlds but it highlighted individual brilliance more than systemic strength, though there are other really positive signs.

11:15 Definitely Ezekiel Nathaniel in the 400 hurdles only 21 breaks the national record with 47.11 just. Agonizingly close to bronze. Nigeria's best ever finish in that event. Huge potential. And Konyan Sola Ajai making the men's 100m final 6th place. That ended what, an 18 year gap for Nigeria and a men's 100m final. 18 years, so the sprinters are definitely emerging. Yeah. Chukwuka and Aquichi 5th in the shot put to showing some field consistency. The talent is undeniable. So with all that individual talent bubbling up, what was the big systemic failure that cost them metals?

11:50 The Relays Nigeria was completely absent from all relay events in Tokyo. All of them, but relays are usually a great metal shot for Sprint rich nations. Exactly, and Nigeria has the depth, but they weren't there because of frankly, administrative incompetence, major failures and logistics, visa issues and management around the world. Relays in the Bahamas meant they didn't qualify teams for Tokyo. So poor planning and paperwork literally kept their relay teams at home. That's the crux of it. It completely nullified the talent and hard work of potentially dozens of athletes.

12:24 It's the starkest example. You can have all the raw talent in the world, but without a functioning, competent administrative system backing it up, you leave medals on the table. Individuals might breakthrough, often training abroad or funding themselves, but the national structure is feeling them. OK, so we've seen the stark differences on the track. Kenya's system firing, Ethiopia's collapsing, Botswana rising, South Africa and Nigeria struggling with conversion and administration. Now we need to get to the fundamental Why?

12:54 Exactly. Let's peel back the layer and look at the engine room, the economics and structures behind all this. What actually drives sports performance in an African context? Time to bring in the research. What does the data tell us about the root causes of this divergent? Well, the really crucial work here comes from John Louise and Rias Fidal at Witt's Business School. They did a deep dive into the socio economic factors determining African sports performance and their first big finding just blew standard global models out of the water.

13:21 I love when established models get proven wrong. How badly did the usual prediction methods fail for Africa? Totally inadequate. See, the global models rely heavily on things like a country's overall GDP and population size. Works OK for developed nations, yeah, but for Africa? Useless. Give me the numbers. OK, those standard models predicted Kenya would win maybe 2 medals at the Beijing Olympics. They won 14. 14 OK, big miss. Huge miss and the opposite for South Africa. The models, looking at their bigger economy, predicted 10 medals.

13:55 They won one. Wow, so the models are just calibrated wrong? They don't understand the African context. Precisely. They don't account for how resources are actually used or the specific challenges and structures within developing economies, which led Louise and Fatal to the key insight. You can't just look at raw GDP, you have to look at efficiency. Right, it's a performance relative to your resources. Metals weighted against GDP per capita. Basically bang for your buck. Exactly. They looked at resource utilization, efficiency and when you re rank countries based on who gets the most athletic output for their economic implant, suddenly countries like Kenya, Jamaica, Mongolia, Zimbabwe, they shoot right to the top globally.

14:35 They are the efficiency leader. That makes total sense. Kenya is the prime example of doing a lot with relatively limited resources, maximizing their return. South Africa, the opposite. Lots of resources, low return on the metal front. And that gap between what a model predicts based on resources and what a country actually achieves, well, that difference is the measure of inefficiency. It points straight back to those organizational and structural issues we saw playing out in Tokyo. OK. So the study tested different models, Olympics, FIFA rankings globally and just for Africa, the all Africa games.

15:08 Was there one factor that just kept showing up as critical no matter the context? Yes. And it was overwhelming. Across all four distinct models they tested, the only variable that was consistently statistically significant was the size of the economy logged GDP. Money talks, basically. Fundamentally, yes. It confirms that having a certain level of economic resource is the absolute baseline requirement for a sports success in Africa. It acts as a proxy for having any kind of basic investment facilities infrastructure.

15:37 Without that economic floor, you just can't even get started. Seriously. So GDP gets you in the game, but to reach the elite level to win those medals, you need more. What other factors popped up in specific contexts? Let's take the global Olympics model first. OK, Model A, the Olympics. Here success depended on three things. Log GDP, log population. Society still matters for the talent pool and critically, the presence of elite high performance centers, the elite variable. So that's the key differentiator for global success.

16:07 You need the economy and the people, but then you need that focus, specialized investment in elite facilities and coaching. Exactly. It shows that elite performance requires concentrating resources, human and financial, into these specialized hubs. Think of Kenya's training camps. That's where you convert raw talent into world beating performance. Interestingly, climate wasn't significant in this model, suggesting maybe you can overcome climate disadvantages with enough money and focus. OK, what about focusing just on African football Model C?

16:37 That's a different beast. Huge informal talent systems. And the result was striking. In the African football model, only log GDP remains significant, nothing else. Not elite centers. Climate health spending mattered statistically. Just money. Why would football be so purely about GDP within Africa? The thinking is that for many of the continents poorest nations, GDP is simply the marker for having the absolute basics for football. Playable pitches, organized local leagues, maybe some travel budget.

17:04 Below a certain economic threshold, even rudimentary football structures don't exist. Money is just fundamental. Fascinating. That makes the All Africa Games model Model D really interesting for policy because it looked at multi sport success within Africa. What drove success there? Model D showed success relied on log GDP, yes, but also on dry climate in education, specifically the percentage of the population enrolled in secondary education. OK, let's unpack those dry climate. Why is that important?

17:34 Just nicer weather for training. It's a bit more than that. A dry climate generally allows for more consistent year round outdoor training without disruptions from, say, prolonged rainy seasons. But maybe more importantly, drier climates often have fewer tropical diseases, meaning a healthier population base and athletes less likely to lose training time to illness. Makes sense. And education? Secondary school enrollment correlating with medals? Does that mean the athletes themselves need to be scholars?

18:03 Not necessarily the athletes themselves, the study suggests. Education acts as a proxy for the overall sophistication of the support system. A higher secondary enrollment rate usually means a larger pool of educated people available to be skilled administrators, competent managers, technically proficient coaches. So it reflects the quality of the organization, supporting the athletes, people who can handle logistics unlike Nigeria's federation, manage budgets, implement structured training. Exactly, it points to the human capital around the sport being crucial for success at that multi sport level within the continent.

18:37 OK, let's bring this right back to the South African paradox. Biggest GDP on the continent? Check. But poor results relative to that GDP ranked 17th in African football, 12th among African nations at Beijing. Why can't they translate the money into metals effectively? It's the textbook case of inefficiency identified by the study. They have the input GDP, but the output metals per GDP is low. The core problem seems to be their sports organizations are pulled in two directions. How? So they face huge pressure, rightly, to promote mass participation, address historical inequalities and provide access to sport for everyone.

19:14 It's a vital social mission, but at the same time they're expected to deliver elite international metals. And those two goals compete for the same limited resources. Precisely, if significant funding goes towards grassroots development and facilities for all, which is important, it naturally diverts resources from the kind of centralized, high cost, elite, high performance centers needed to produce those top level medalist quickly. So it's a strategic conflict. They haven't quite figured out how to build a system that effectively channels the best talent identified through mass participation into a focused elite pipeline.

19:50 That seems to be the crux of it. Without a clear, efficient strategy that links mass access to elite performance, resources get spread thin, leading to that high spending but relatively low metal efficiency. Kenya, in contrast, has historically been laser focused on converting talent in its strong suit distance running into elite results. OK. So the economic analysis points to efficiency, structure and specialized centers being key. This leads us to the future for East Africa, particularly Kenya.

20:17 How do they maintain dominance but also evolve? That's the big strategic question. They need to professionalize their existing system, especially around injury prevention. And crucially, they need to figure out how to translate that distance running success into sprints and technical events. That requires a different approach. Let's talk about the traditional Kenyan way. It produces endurance monsters, but what are its limitations? It's built on sheer volume, often 180 to 280 kilometers a week, combined with high altitude and that incredible socio economic drive running as a way out, it builds phenomenal aerobic engines.

20:52 But it doesn't necessarily build explosive power. Exactly. There's a systemic gap in developing the kind of neuromuscular power needed for sprinting, and the reliance on just high volume and toughness, often in informal training settings like item without much scientific oversight, makes athletes. Vulnerable. Vulnerable to injury. Yes, we mentioned Sebastian saw earlier the Berlin Marathon winner. He previously suffered a career threatening tendon rupture from overtraining. When the system relies so much on pushing volume without precise monitoring, bio mechanics, structured recovery, injuries happen.

21:27 It lacks a precision for longevity and for branching into technical speed events. So what's the model for that technical precision, especially in sprints? The gold standard really is the Sports Science Institute of South Africa s s down in Cape Town. It represents that institutional science LED approach. What makes s s so effective? It's centralized. It's staffed by experts and critically, it's invested heavily in technology. They have things like a 60 meter indoor track for controlled Sprint testing, force plates, and high end 3D motion capture systems like Vicon.

21:57 OK, unpack that tech force plates. What do they tell a coach that just watching a video doesn't? Good question. Video shows you how someone moves. Force plates embedded in the track measure the precise forces the athlete applies to the ground, moment by moment. How hard are they pushing off? How quickly Are there imbalances between legs? It lets coaches optimize power production, analyze breaking forces, pinpoint exactly where tiny fractions of a second are being lost or gained during acceleration.

22:27 And 3D motion capture. That tracks the movement of joints in three dimensions, measuring angles, velocities, Incredibly detailed data to fine tune technique for maximum efficiency. It's a kind of precision you absolutely need for world class sprinting where margins are minuscule. Right, Essential tech, but clearly expensive. You can't just build an essa in every town in Kenya or Ethiopia, especially given the challenges like unreliable electricity or limited Internet access we talked about. So how do you bridge that gap?

22:55 That's where the proposed tiered technology framework comes in. It's designed to be pragmatic, cost effective and work within those East African constraints. It prioritizes mobile first, low power, even offline capable solutions where possible. OK, breakdown the tiers, Tier 1, the foundation. Tier one is foundational grassroots. The goal here is simple. Get basic, useful data into the hands of athletes and local coaches, primarily for injury prevention and managing training load. Think affordable, durable tech.

23:24 Like what specifically? Consumer wearables are key. Something like the Chorus Pace three watch. It's around $230 lightweight, has amazing battery life, tracks essentials like pace, distance, heart rate, estimates training load. Crucially, these can sync with AI coaching apps like Your Run. The app uses the watch data to give personalized feedback and adjust training, even if the coach isn't physically there. So it democratizes basic scientific training principles, put structure and injury monitoring right on the athletes wrist, accessible anywhere.

23:53 OK, Tier 2 moving up the ladder. Tier 2 is intermediate regional. This is aimed at regional training centers or national federations that have some resources but can't afford the full high end lab. The star here is accessible technology that offers sophisticated analysis without the huge cost. The prime example is AI powered computer vision like VU Motion computer vision. Sounds complex. How does it work affordably? It's actually brilliantly simple in its setup. All you need is a smartphone with a good camera, a tripod and some cones to mark out a space.

24:26 The AI software analyzes the video feed from the phone. Analyzes it for what? It automatically tracks key body markers, hips, knees, ankles, without needing sensors on the athlete. From that video it can calculate sophisticated biomechanical data, stride length, stride frequency, ground contact time, even things like hip rotation velocity. Right, data that used to require that expensive lab setup. And it works anywhere on a dirt track too. Yes, that's the beauty Track, trail grass. Wherever you can set up a phone and tripod, it delivers high level biomechanical insights using existing ubiquitous technology.

25:01 The smartphone, it's the perfect bridge technology. Wow OK that bridges the gap between basic wearables and the full lab. O Tier 3 is the ultimate goal. Tier 3 is elite centralized. This is the long term vision establishing those sizes style high performance centers in East Africa. These would house the really capital intensive gear the multi camera 3D motion capture labs instrumented treadmills that measure force while running advanced physiological testing like metabolic carts and EC GS. This is for the absolute elite fine tuning the best athletes.

25:34 Exactly. Fine tuning elite performance, conducting cutting edge research, attracting international athletes and events, and positioning the region as a global leader in sports science, not just running talent. Makes sense, but all this tech is useless without the right structures around it. Given the administrative nightmares we saw elsewhere, how do you make sure this actually works? The implementation has to be smart. Absolutely critical. It needs a 2 pronged approach. First, partnerships. You need strong public private partnerships.

26:01 This isn't just about government funding. It's about creating a stable, transparent ecosystem that attracts private investment and ensures good governance. Models like the technical committee involving the Kenyan government and Athletics Kenya or collaborations with development agencies like Afd in France show the way You need that structure to build trust and sustainability. OK, stable funding and governance. What's the second prong? Human capital technology needs skilled people. The strategy emphasizes fusing traditional wisdom with modern sports science.

26:32 Meaning you don't throw out the old coaches. Definitely not. You invest in continuous professional development so veteran coaches understand the data, see it as a tool and integrate it with their experience. But simultaneously you have to invest heavily in training a new generation of local sports scientists, biomechanists, data analysts, physiotherapist. The expertise needs to be home grown to make the system truly self-sustaining and resilient. Build the local capacity to manage and interpret all this data.

27:00 Right. So it's tech plus people, plus partnerships that feels like a robust plan. It has to be to avoid the pitfalls we've seen. OK, so let's bring it all together. Looking back at Tokyo 2025 through this lens, the big picture seems clear. We're seeing this fascinating tension playing out across Africa. You've got this incredible, raw, abundant talent, Kenya's distance runners, Nigeria's sprinters. Absolutely. The talent pool is undeniable. Meeting or sometimes clashing with the need for sophisticated, data-driven strategy, efficient organization, and smart investment, Botswana's Relay Gold feels like a perfect example of strategy and execution paying off.

27:40 And this tiered framework offers a pathway for others. And the impact is spreading. We have to mention Alfond Simbu winning Tanzania's first ever World Championship gold in the men's marathon in Tokyo. Another historic moment. Incredible. And the margins are just getting impossibly tight at the top, aren't they? That men's marathon finish. The smallest winning margin in World Championship marathon history, Simbu beat Germany's Emanuel Petros by just three hundredths of a second .03 shows the level everyone is reaching.

28:09 Wow. OK, final thought then circling back to that economic analysis by Louise and Fadel, they showed GDP matters, but so do things like education levels and public health infrastructure. They correlate with sports success in Africa. That finding leads to a really tough fundamental policy question for developing nations and maybe for you listening to Mull over. Lay it on us. Given the national budgets are always limited, where do you prioritize investment for sports development? Do you pour money directly into sports, building those elite Tier 3 centers, buying the force plates and view motion systems?

28:45 Funding national teams? Aiming for those immediate metal boosts and the national pride they bring? Or do you focus the majority of those limited resources on broader societal development, Improving the overall economy, strengthening the education system, building better public health infrastructure, Trusting that as the country's overall human capital and basic infrastructure improve, better athletic performance will naturally follow. Direct sports investment versus foundational development. A huge strategic choice.

29:12 Does the next generation of African champions emerge from a specialized high tech lab, or do they continue to rely on raw talent honed while dodging traffic? That's the dilemma. Something profound to think about. Thanks for joining us on this deep dive into the forces shaping African athletics.